References on a Resume: What to Write (and What to Avoid)

One of the most common resume questions is whether to include references. The short answer is: not on your resume. But there is more nuance to how you handle references throughout the job search process, and getting it wrong can cost you an offer. Here is the complete guide to references in 2026.

Should You Put References on Your Resume?

No. The modern standard in US hiring is to keep references off your resume entirely. Your resume is a marketing document designed to get you an interview — not a complete dossier of your professional relationships. Adding references on the resume wastes valuable space and gives your contacts visibility before you have even been seriously considered for the role. Employers know they can ask for references when they are ready.

Should You Write "References Available Upon Request"?

No. This phrase was standard decades ago but is now considered outdated and unnecessary. Every hiring manager knows you will provide references if asked — stating the obvious adds zero value and wastes a line that could be used for an accomplishment or skill. Remove it from your resume entirely.

When to Prepare a Separate Reference Sheet

Create a separate reference document that you bring to interviews and submit when specifically requested. This reference sheet should be formatted consistently with your resume (same fonts, header style, and name at the top). List 3 to 5 professional references — people who know your work directly and will speak positively about your skills and character.

What to Include for Each Reference

• Full name
• Current job title and company
• Professional relationship to you (e.g., "Former manager at Acme Corp")
• Email address
• Phone number
• Optional: A one-sentence note about what they can speak to

Who Makes the Best Reference?

Former direct managers are the gold standard — they can speak to your performance, work ethic, and specific contributions. Other strong choices include senior colleagues who supervised your work, clients or partners you collaborated with closely, professors for recent graduates, and mentors with relevant industry standing. Avoid listing family members, friends who have not worked with you professionally, or colleagues at the same level who cannot speak to your performance.

Always Ask Before Listing Someone as a Reference

This is non-negotiable. Contact each person before listing them, explain what job you are applying for, share the job description, and ask if they are comfortable providing a strong reference. This gives them time to prepare, ensures they will not be caught off guard by an unexpected call, and confirms they will say positive things. A reference who is surprised or unprepared can unintentionally hurt your chances.

Frequently Asked Questions